Can Ethnicity Replace Race? Afro-Colombians, Indigeneity and the Colombian Multicultural State
Keywords:
indigeneity, territory, race, ethnicity, multiculturalismAbstract
Several Latin American countries have declared themselves —including Colombia— as multicultural nations. In the process they have restructured legal rights along lines of cultural distinction that have provided special rights to ethnic groups under new political constitutions. A crucial dimension of this legal change has been the sacralization of a particular conceptualization of indigeneity. In this article I focus on the processes that enable and limit ethnic belonging in Colombia, in order to understand the concept of indigeneity on which these ideas of ethnicity are based. I analyze the use of specific ideas of indigeneity in a territorial conflict in the Andes between Indigenous and Black communities, and also a Supreme Court ruling (Sentencia T-422/96) that discusses the rights of Afro-Colombians.
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References
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Safford, Frank. 1991. “Race, Integration, and Progress: Elite Attitudes and the Indian in Colombia 1750-1870”. Hispanic American Historical Review 71 (1): 1-33.
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Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 2003. Global Transformations: Anthropology and the Modern World. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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Wade, Peter. 1993. Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
___. 1995. “The Cultural Politics of Blackness in Colombia”. American Ethnologist 22 (2): 341-357.
___. 1997. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. Londres: Pluto Press.
___. 2002. “Introduction: The Colombian Pacific in Perspective”. The Journal of Latin American Anthropology 7 (2): 2-33.
Ward, Gerard R. y Elizabeth Kingdon, eds. 1995. Land, Custom and Practice in the South Pacific. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Warren, Jonathan W. 2001. Racial Revolutions: Antiracism and Indian Resurgence in Brazil. Durham: Duke University Press.
Weismantel, Mary. 2001. Cholas and Pishtacos: Stories of Race and Sex in The Andes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Williams, Brackette F. 1989. “A Class Act: Anthropology and the Race to Nation across Ethnic Terrain”. Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 401-444.
Woodman, Gordon R. y A. O. Obilade, eds. 1995. African Law and Legal Theory. Nueva York: New York University Press.
Zamosc, León. 1986. The Agrarian Question and the Peasant Movement in Colombia: Struggles of the National Peasant Association 1967-1981. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Appelbaum, Nancy. 1999. “Whitening the Region: Caucano Mediation and ‘Antioqueño Colonization’ in Nineteenth-Century Colombia”. Hispanic American Historical Review 79 (4): 631-667.
Arocha, Jaime. 1992. “Afro-Colombia Denied in the Black Americas 1942-1992”. Nacla Report on the Americas 25 (4): 28-32.
Comisión para la Formulación del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de la Población Afrocolombiana. 1998. Plan nacional de desarrollo de la población afrocolombiana: hacia una nación pluriétnica y multicultural. 1998-2002. Bogotá: Departamento Nacional de Planeación.
Correa Rubio, François. 1992. “Lo ‘indígena’ ante el Estado colombiano: reflejo jurídico de su conceptualización política”. En Antropología jurídica: normas formales-costumbres legales, editado por Esther Sánchez Botero, 71-101. Bogotá: Antropos.
De la Cadena, Marisol. 1998. “Silent Racism and Intellectual Superiority in Peru”. Bulletin of Latin American Research 17 (2): 143-164.
___. 2000. Indigenous Mestizos: The Politics of Race and Culture in Cuzco, Peru, 1919-1991. Durham: Duke University Press.
Embajada de Colombia. 2007. “Colombia”. Consultado el 18 de mayo del 2007. http://www.colombiaemb.org/opencms/opencms/colombia/index.html
Gobierno de Colombia. 1991. Constitución Política de Colombia. Bogotá: Emfasar.
___. 1993. Ley 70. Bogotá: Red de Solidaridad Social.
___. 1995. Decreto 1745. Bogotá: Red de Solidaridad Social.
___. 1996. Sentencia T-422/96. Diferenciación positiva para comunidades negras. Consultado en el 2000. http://bib.minjusticia.gov.co/jusrisprudencia/CorteConstitucional/1996/Tutela/T-422-96.htm
Gordon, Edmund T. 1998. Disparate Diasporas: Identity and Politics in an African Nicaraguan Community. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Hale, Charles. 2006. Más que un indio (More than an Indian): Racial Ambivalence and Neoliberal Multiculturalism in Guatemala. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
Harrison, Faye V. 1995. “The Persistent Power of ‘Race’ in the Cultural and Political Economy of Racism”. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 47-74.
Hayden, Cori. 2003. When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioprospecting in Mexico. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hoffmann, Odile. 2002. “Collective Memory and Ethnic Identities in the Colombian Pacific”. The Journal of Latin American Anthropology
7 (2): 118-139.
Hooker, Juliet. 2005. “Indigenous Inclusion/Black Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity and Multicultural Citizenship in Latin America”. Journal of Latin American Studies 37: 285-310.
Htun, Mala. 2004. “From ‘Racial Democracy’ to Affirmative Action: Changing State Policy on Race in Brazil”. Latin American Research Review 39 (1): 60-89.
Jackson, Jean. 1991. “Being and Becoming Indian in the Vaupés”. En Nation-States and Indians in Latin America, editado por Greg Urban y Joel Sherzer, 131-155. Austin: University of Texas Press.
___. 1995. “Preserving Indian Culture: Shaman Schools and Ethno-Education in The Vaupés, Colombia”. Cultural Anthropology 10 (3): 302-329.
Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Mintz, Sidney W. 1970. “Forward”. En Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary Perspectives, editado por Norman E. Whitten, Jr. y John F. Szwed, 1-16. Nueva York: The Free Press.
Ng’weno, Bettina. 2007. Turf Wars: Territory and Citizenship in the Contemporary State. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia (onic). 1994. “Colombia: A Multiethnic and Pluricultural Society”. En Aboriginal Peoples: Toward Self-Government, editado por Marie Leger, 65-92. Montreal: Black Rose Book.
Povinelli, Elizabeth. 2002. The Cunning of Recognition: Indigenous Alterities and the Making of Australian Multiculturalism. Durham: Duke University Press.
Rappaport, Joanne. 1994. Cumbe Reborn: An Andean Ethnography of History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Restrepo, Eduardo. 1997. “Afrocolombianos, antropología y proyecto de modernidad en Colombia”. En Antropología en la modernidad: identidades, etnicidades y movimientos sociales en Colombia, editado por María Victoria Uribe y Eduardo Restrepo, 279-319. Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Antropología.
___. 2002. “Políticas de la alteridad: etnización de ‘comunidad negra’ en el Pacífico sur colombiano”. The Journal of Latin American Anthropology 7 (2): 2-33.
Roldán Ortega, Roque. 2000. Indigenous Peoples of Colombia and the Law: A Critical Approach to the Study of Past and Present Situations. Bogotá: Tercer Mundo.
Rose, Nikolas. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Safa, Helen I. 2005. “Challenging Mestizaje: A Gender Perspective on Indigenous and Afrodescendant Movements in Latin America”. Critique of Anthropology 25 (3): 307-330.
Safford, Frank. 1991. “Race, Integration, and Progress: Elite Attitudes and the Indian in Colombia 1750-1870”. Hispanic American Historical Review 71 (1): 1-33.
Sánchez Gutiérrez, Enrique y Paolo García. 2006. “Los afrocolombianos”. En Más allá de los promedios: afrodescendientes en América Latina, editado por Josefina Stubbs y Hiska N. Reyes. Washington D. C.: The World Bank. Consultado el 16 de agosto del 2006. http://web.worldbank.org
Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 2003. Global Transformations: Anthropology and the Modern World. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Van Cott, Donna Lee. 2000. The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Wade, Peter. 1993. Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
___. 1995. “The Cultural Politics of Blackness in Colombia”. American Ethnologist 22 (2): 341-357.
___. 1997. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. Londres: Pluto Press.
___. 2002. “Introduction: The Colombian Pacific in Perspective”. The Journal of Latin American Anthropology 7 (2): 2-33.
Ward, Gerard R. y Elizabeth Kingdon, eds. 1995. Land, Custom and Practice in the South Pacific. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Warren, Jonathan W. 2001. Racial Revolutions: Antiracism and Indian Resurgence in Brazil. Durham: Duke University Press.
Weismantel, Mary. 2001. Cholas and Pishtacos: Stories of Race and Sex in The Andes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Williams, Brackette F. 1989. “A Class Act: Anthropology and the Race to Nation across Ethnic Terrain”. Annual Review of Anthropology 18: 401-444.
Woodman, Gordon R. y A. O. Obilade, eds. 1995. African Law and Legal Theory. Nueva York: New York University Press.
Zamosc, León. 1986. The Agrarian Question and the Peasant Movement in Colombia: Struggles of the National Peasant Association 1967-1981. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Published
2013-06-13
How to Cite
Ng’weno, B. (2013). Can Ethnicity Replace Race? Afro-Colombians, Indigeneity and the Colombian Multicultural State. Revista Colombiana De Antropología, 49(1), 71–104. Retrieved from https://revistas.icanh.gov.co/index.php/rca/article/view/294
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Section
Etnografías y debates sobre etnicidad y multiculturalismo
