Pakialam y kalinga: sobre la materialidad del cuidado en la migración, o de cómo sobrevivir en ella
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22380/2539472X.3099Palabras clave:
migración, materialidad, cuidado, relaciones, redesResumen
Usando la autoetnografía, este texto analiza las redes y prácticas de cuidado en la condición de migrante y las define a través de los términos filipinos pakialam y kalinga, formas de cuidado que se exploraron en el contexto de un estudiante filipino en Europa. Desde la óptica de la cultura material y el nuevo materialismo, se plantean dos ideas centrales: primero, que, aunque la migración esté motivada por lo económico, se requiere más que dinero para sostener la vida en el extranjero; y, segundo, que los objetos materiales tienen agencia y juegan un papel activo en las redes de cuidado en la medida en que facilitan la supervivencia en entornos precarios. Así pues, este artículo propone reimaginar el cuidado más allá del marco antropocéntrico y aboga por una antropología que desafía las teorías dominantes apelando a una resistencia frente a los paradigmas neocoloniales. Al mismo tiempo, resalta cómo este tipo de enfoques pueden contribuir a profundizar nuestra comprensión de la posibilidad de la supervivencia y de la vida en medio del precario devenir de los antropólogos de hoy.
Descargas
Citas
Abranches, Maria. 2022. Food Connections: Production, Exchange and Consumption in West African Migration. Berghahn.
Adarna House. 2015. Diksiyonaryong Adarna. Adarna House.
Ahern, Laura M. 2001. “Language and Agency”. Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 109-137. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3069211
Alburo, Jade. 2005. “Boxed In or Out?: Balikbayan Boxes as Metaphors for Filipino American (Dis)Location”. Ethnologies 27 (2): 137-157. https://doi.org/10.7202/014044ar
Amos, Stephanie y Daphne Lordly. 2014. “Picture This: A Photovoice Study of International Students’ Food Experience in Canada”. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 75 (2): 59-63. https://doi.org/10.3148/75.2.2014.59
Ariza, Marina. 2021. “La sociología de las emociones en América Latina”. Annual Review of Sociology 47: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-082620-030256
Baldassar, Loretta y Laura Merla, eds. 2014. Transnational Families, Migration and the Circulation of Care: Understanding Mobility and Absence in Family Life. Routledge.
Banquiles, Venes Carmelo Tiñana. En prensa. “Diversity for Sale: Autoethnographic Notes from a Neoliberal Academia”. Maguaré.
Bennett, Jane. 2010. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Duke University Press.
Brown, Lorraine. 2009. “The Role of Food in the Adjustment Journey of International Students”. En The New Cultures of Food: Marketing Opportunities from Ethnic, Religious and Cultural Diversity, editado por Martin K. Hingley y Adam Lindgreen, 37-56. Routledge.
Brown, Lorraine, John Edwards y Heather Hartwell. 2010. “A Taste of the Unfamiliar: Understanding the Meanings Attached to Food by International Postgraduate Students in England”. Appetite 54: 202-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.001
Bruner, Edward M. 1986. “Experience and Its Expressions”. En The Anthropology of Experience, editado por Victor W. Turner y Edward M. Bruner, 3-30. University of Illinois Press.
Camposano, Clement C. 2012. “Balikbayan Boxes and the Performance of Intimacy by Filipino Migrant Women in Hong Kong”. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 21 (1): 83-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719681202100104
Camposano, Clement C. 2018. “When Objects Speak Louder than Words: Food, Intimacy, and Power in the Contemporary Transnational Filipino Household”. En Mata-Codesal y Abranches 2018, 73-93.
Certeau, Michel de. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. University of California Press.
Fedotov, Dmitriy. 2022. “The Empirical Analysis of Degree-Mobile Students: The Hosting Country Perspective”. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education 14 (4): 67-89. https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/jcihe/vol14/iss4/6/
Foucault, Michel. 1995. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage.
Gauriat, Valérie y Zoltan Siposhegyi. 2023. “Hungary Calls for Foreign Nationals to Bridge Labour Gap despite Hardline Immigration Policies”. Euronews, 21 de septiembre. https://www.euronews.com/2023/09/21/hungary-calls-for-foreign-nationals-to-bridge-labour-gap-despite-hardline-immigration-poli
Genova, Nicholas de. 2002. “Migrant ‘Illegality’ and Deportability in Everyday Life”. Annual Review of Anthropology 31: 419-447. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085432
Genova, Nicholas de. 2005. Working the Boundaries: Race, Space, and “Illegality” in Mexican Chicago. Duke University Press.
Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. 2010. Forced to Care: Coercion and Caregiving in America. Harvard University Press.
Harvey, Penny, Christian Krohn-Hansen y Knut G. Nustad, eds. 2019. Anthropos and the Material. Duke University Press.
Hof, Karina. 2018. “A Hard Look at the Balikbayan Box: The Philippine Diaspora’s Exported Hospitality”. En Mata-Codesal y Abranches 2018, 95-116.
Horváth Kávai, Andrea. 2023. “Hungary Still Second Poorest Country in EU”. Telex, 15 de diciembre. https://telex.hu/english/2023/12/15/hungary-still-second-poorest-countryin-eu
Jamal, Ahmad. 1998. “Food Consumption among Ethnic Minorities: The Case of British Pakistanis in Bradford, UK”. British Food Journal 100 (5): 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070709810221436
Jusionyte, Ieva. 2018. “Called to ‘Ankle Alley’: Tactical Infrastructure, Migrant Injuries, and Emergency Medical Services on the US-Mexico Border”. American Anthropologist 120 (1): 89-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.12967
Krohn-Hansen, Christian. 2019. “Contemporary Capitalism and Dominican New Yorkers’ Livery-Cab Bases: A Taxi Story”. En Harvey et al. 2019, 59-80.
Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford University Press.
Lauser, Andrea, Antonie Fuhse, Peter J. Bräunlein y Friedemann Yi-Neumann. 2022. “From ‘Bare Life’ to ‘Moving Things’: On the Materiality of (Forced) Migration”. Introducción a Material Culture and (Forced) Migration: Materialising the Transient, editado por Friedemann Yi-Neumann, Andrea Lauser, Antonie Fuhse y Peter J. Bräunlein, 1-20. UCL Press.
Leira, Arnlaug y Chiara Saraceno. 2006. “Care: Actors, Relationships, Contexts”. Sosiologii Dag 36 (3): 7-34. https://ojs.novus.no/index.php/SID/article/view/904
León, Jason de. 2015. The Land of Open Graves: Living and Dying on the Migrant Trail. University of California Press.
Locher, Julie L., William C. Yoels, Donna Maurer y Jillian van Ells. 2005. “Comfort Foods: An Exploratory Journey into the Social and Emotional Significance of Food”. Food and Foodways 13 (4): 273-297. https://doi.org/10.1080/07409710500334509
Luckhurst, Toby. 2025. “Hungary Bans LGBTQ+ Pride Marches”. BBC News, 19 de marzo. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y0zrg9kpno
Madianou, Mirca y Daniel Miller. 2012. Migration and New Media. Routledge.
Mata-Codesal, Diana y Maria Abranches, eds. 2018. Food Parcels in International Migration: Intimate Connections. Palgrave Macmillan.
Mazariegos Herrera, Hilda María Cristina. 2022. “El diario de campo encarnado: apuntes para una propuesta metodológica para el estudio de las emociones desde y con el cuerpo”. En Las emociones de ida y vuelta: experiencia etnográfica, método y conocimiento antropológico, coordinado por Frida Erika Jacobo Herrera y Marco Julián Martínez-Moreno, 335-351. UNAM.
McKay, Deirdre. 2004. “Performing Identities, Creating Cultures of Circulation: Filipina Migrants between Home and Abroad”. Ponencia presentada en la 15th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia, Canberra, Australia, 29 de junio- 1.o de julio.
Ortega y Gasset, José. 1961. Meditations on Don Quixote. W. W. Norton & Company.
Otto, Andy. S. a. “Cura Personalis”. Ignatian Spirituality. https://www.ignatianspirituality.com/cura-personalis/
Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar. 2005. Children of Global Migration: Transnational Families and Gendered Woes. Stanford University Press.
Parrini, Rodrigo. 2016. Falotopías: indagaciones en la crueldad y el deseo. Universidad Central; UNAM.
Pearson, Alexander. 2018. “Viktor Orban’s Most Controversial Migration Comments”. DW News, 9 de enero. https://www.dw.com/en/viktor-orbans-most-controversial-migration-comments/g-42086054
Pe-Pua, Rogelia y Elizabeth A. Protacio-Marcelino. 2000. “Sikolohiyang Filipino (Filipino Psychology): A Legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez”. Asian Journal of Social Psychology 3 (1): 49-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00054
Pereira, Hitalo y Venes Carmelo Tiñana Banquiles. 2024. “Tornando-se antropólogues em meio a precariedades multifacetadas”. Revista Zabelê 5 (1): 4-11. https://periodicos.ufpi.br/index.php/revzab/article/view/6220
Puig de la Bellacasa, María. 2017. Matters of Care: Speculative Ethics in More Than Human Worlds. University of Minnesota Press.
Rancière, Jacques. 1999. Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy. University of Minnesota Press.
Rivera Andrade, Samuel Fernando. 2022. “Migrantes mutilados por La Bestia: dos décadas de expresión y lucha”. En Dis-críticas en tránsito: complicidades tullidas, coordinado por Víctor Alexander Yarza de los Ríos, Brenda Araceli Bustos García y Andrea Verónica Pérez, 27-38. Lado A. Boletín del grupo de trabajo Estudios Críticos en Discapacidad, número 3. Clacso.
Rivera Andrade, Samuel Fernando e Hilda María Cristina Mazariegos Herrera. 2025. “Lavar los pies: prácticas rituales de cuidado corpo-emocional para personas migrantes en el Bajío mexicano”. Revista Estudios 50: 117-147. https://doi.org/10.15517/wb50jh14
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy y Margaret M. Lock. 1987. “The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology”. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 1 (1): 6-41. https://doi.org/10.1525/maq.1987.1.1.02a00020
Smith, Carly Parnitzke y Jennifer J. Freyd. 2014. “Institutional Betrayal”. American Psychologist 69 (6): 578-587. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037564
Sparkes, Andrew C. 2000. “Autoethnography and Narratives of Self: Reflections on Criteria in Action”. Sociology of Sport Journal 17 (1): 21-43. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.17.1.21
Strathern, Marilyn. 1995. The Relation: Issues in Complexity and Scale. Vol. 6. Prickly Pear.
Than, Krisztina. 2022. “Hungary’s Orban Says His Anti-Immigration Stance Not Rooted in Racism after Backlash”. Reuters, 28 de julio. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/hungarys-orban-says-his-anti-immigration-stance-not-rooted-racism-after-backlash-2022-07-28/
Tronto, Joan C. 1993. Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. Routledge.
Vázquez Gutiérrez, Juan Pablo, coord. 2023. Emociones, poder y conflicto: perspectivas teóricas, género, resistencias y políticas de Estado. Universidad Iberoamericana; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; Universidad del Rosario.
Zelizer, Viviana A. 1989. “The Social Meaning of Money: ‘Special Monies’”. American Journal of Sociology 95 (2): 342-377. https://doi.org/10.1086/229272
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes .
- NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.














