Reparaciones indígenas y el giro del “giro multicultural” en La Guajira, Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22380/2539472X.962Palabras clave:
multiculturalismo, reparaciones, política social, etnicidad, wayuusResumen
Aunque la victimización de los pueblos indígenas en Colombia ha durado siglos, nunca antes las condiciones de víctimas y vulnerables habían tenido tanta importancia institucional como en los últimos diez años. Este artículo analiza de qué manera los discursos de la victimización y la vulnerabilidad han afectado las formas de concebir la ciudadanía y la subjetividad étnica. Aunque el multiculturalismo sigue jugando un papel fundamental, la autodeterminación se transforma, en el proceso de visibilización e inclusión en la política social de las víctimas indígenas del conflicto armado, en formas de sumisión al Estado. Este artículo se sustenta en el trabajo de campo etnográfico realizado con una organización de mujeres indígenas wayuus en el norte de Colombia, entre los años 2007 y 2008.
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Referencias bibliográficas
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Barranquilla, José Agustín de. 1953. Así es La Guajira. Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional.
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Bouris, Erica. 2007. Complex Political Victims. Bloomfield, Connecticut: Kumarian Press.
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Butler, Judith. 2004. Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. Londres: Verso.
Butler, Judith. 2009. Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? Londres: Verso.
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Conklin, Beth. 1997. “Body Paint, Feathers and VCRs: Aesthetics and Authenticity in Amazonian Activism”. American Ethnologist 24 (4): 711-737.
Dal Secco, Alessandra. 2008. “Truth and Reconciliation Comissions and Gender Justice”. En Gendered Peace. Women’s Struggles for Post-War Justice and Reconciliation, editado por Donna Pankhurst, 65-106. Nueva York: Routledge.
De las Casas, Bartolomé. 1552/2006. Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante.
Fermé, Mariane. 1998. “The Violence of Numbers: Competition, and the Negotiation of Disputes in Sierra Leone”. Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 38 (150/152): 555-580.
French, Jan Hoffman. 2009. “Ethnoracial Identity in a Neoliberal Age: Government Recognition of Difference in Northeast Brazil”. En Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America, editado por John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn y Kenneth M. Roberts, 101-113. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gill, Lesley. 2009. “The Parastate in Colombia: Political Violence and the Restructuring in Barrancabermeja”. Anthropologica 51: 313-325.
Goldstein, Daniel M. 1998. “Performing National Culture in a Bolivian Migrant Community”. Ethnology 37 (2): 117-132.
Goldstein, Daniel M. 2004. The Spectacular City: Violence and Performance in Urban Bolivia. Durham: Duke University Press.
Gow, David D. y Joanne Rappaport. 2002. “The Indigenous Public Voice. The Multiple Idioms of Modernity in Native Cauca”. En Indigenous Movements, Self-Representation, and the State in Latin America, editado por Kay B. Warren y Jean Jackson, 47-80. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Graham, Laura R. 2002. “How Should an Indian Speak? Amazonian Indians and the Symbolic Politics of Language in the Global Public Sphere”. En Indigenous Movements, Self-Representation, and the State in Latin America, editado por K. B. Warren y J. Jackson, 181-228. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Grupo de Memoria Histórica. 2010. La masacre de Bahía Portete. Mujeres wayuu en la mira. Bogotá: Taurus, Semana y Comisión Nacional de Reparación y Reconciliación.
Guerra Curvelo, Weilder. 2007. El poblamiento del territorio. Bogotá: dmg.
Guss, David M. 2000. The Festive State: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism as Cultural Performance. Berkeley y Londres: University of California Press.
Guss, David M. 2006. “The Gran Poder and the Reconquest of La Paz”. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 11 (2): 294-328.
Hale, Charles. 2004. “Rethinking Indigenous Politics in the Era of the ‘Indio Permitido’”. Nacla Report on the Americas 38 (2): 16-22.
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Inter-American Development Bank (idb). 2007. 2008 Report. Outsiders? The Changing Patterns of Exclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washigton: Inter-American Development Bank.
Latour, Bruno. 1993/2007. Nunca fuimos modernos. Ensayo de antropología simétrica. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
Merlan, Francesca. 2009. “Indigeneity. Local and Global”. Current Anthropology 50 (3): 303-333.
Navaro-Yashin, Yael. 2007. “Make-believe Papers, Legal Forms and the Counterfeit: Affective Interactions between Documents and People in Britain and Cyprus”. Anthropological Theory 7 (1): 79-98.
Orsini Aaron, Giangina. 2007. Poligamia y contrabando: nociones de legalidad y legitimidad en la frontera guajira. Bogotá: Centro de Estudios Socioculturales e Internacionales, Universidad de los Andes.
Padilla, Guillermo. 1996. “La Ley y los pueblos indígenas en Colombia”. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 1 (2): 78-97.
Postero, Nancy Grey. 2007. Now We Are Citizens: Indigenous Politics in Postmulticultural Bolivia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Redfield, Peter. 2008. “Doctors Without Borders and the Moral Economy of Pharmaceuticals”. En Human Rights in Crisis, editado por Alice Bullard, 129-144. Hampshire, Inglaterra: Ashgate.
Rowse, Tim. 2008. “Indigenous Culture: The Politics of Vulnerability and Survival”. En The sage Handbook of Cultural Analysis, editado por Tony Bennett y John Frow, 406-426. Los Ángeles: Sage.
Sanders, James. 2003. “‘Belonging to the Great Granadan Family’: Partisan Struggle and the Construction of Indigenous Identity and Politics in Southwestern Colombia, 1849-1890”. En Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, editado por Nancy Appelbaum, Anne S. MacPherson y Karin Alejandra Rosemblatt, 56-86. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Sieder, Rachel. 2002. “Introduction”. En Multiculturalism in Latin America, editado por R. Sieder, 1-23. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Starn, Orin. 1991. “Missing the Revolution: Anthropologists and the War in Peru”. Cultural Anthropology 6 (1): 63-91.
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. 2004. “Human Rights and Indigenous Issues: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous Peoples”. Addendum, Mission to Colombia, e/cn.4/2005/88/Add.2 c.f.r., United Nations.
Stephen, Lynn. 1997. “Redefined Nationalism in Building a Movement for Indigenous Autonomy in Southern Mexico”. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 3 (1): 72-101.
Turner, Terence. 2002. “Representation, Polyphony, and the Construction of Power in a Kayapo Video”. En Indigenous Movements, Self-Representation, and the State in Latin America, editado por Kay Barbara Warren y Jean Jackson, 229-250. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Van Cott, Donna Lee. 2000. The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Wade, Peter. 2005. “Rethinking Mestizaje: Ideology and Lived Experience”. Journal of Latin American Studies 37: 239-257.
Walsh, Martha. 2008. “Gendering International Justice: Progress and Pitfalls at International Criminal Tribunals”. En Gendered Peace. Women’s Struggles for Post-War Justice and Reconciliation, editado por D. Pankhurst, 31-64. Nueva York: Routledge.
Warren, Jonathan. 2001. Racial Revolutions: Antiracism and Indian Resurgence in Brazil. Durham y Londres: Duke University Press.
Warren, Kay Barbara. 1998. Indigenous Movements and Their Critics: PanMaya Activism in Guatemala. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wilson, Richard A. 2001. The Politics of Truth and Reconcialiation in South Africa. Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, Richard A. 2003. “Anthropological Studies of National Reconciliation Processes”. Anthropological Theory 3 (3): 367-387.
Ardila, Gerardo. 2010. “Cambio y permanencia en el Caribe colombiano tras el contacto con Europa: una mirada desde La Guajira”. En Cartagena de Indias en el siglo XVI, 41-71. Cartagena: Banco de la República.
Barranquilla, José Agustín de. 1953. Así es La Guajira. Bogotá: Imprenta Nacional.
Beverley, John. 2004. Testimonio: On the Politics of Truth. Minneapolis y Londres: University of Minnesota Press.
Bouris, Erica. 2007. Complex Political Victims. Bloomfield, Connecticut: Kumarian Press.
Brown, Wendy. 1995. States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Butler, Judith. 2004. Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning and Violence. Londres: Verso.
Butler, Judith. 2009. Frames of War: When Is Life Grievable? Londres: Verso.
Cojti Cuxili, Demetrio. 1997. “Unidad del estado mestizo y regiones autónomas mayas”. En Guatemala: ¿oprimida, pobre o princesa embrujada?, editado por Fridolin Birk, 175-189. Ciudad de Guatemala: Magna Terra.
Colombia, Agencia Presidencial para la Acción Social y la Cooperación Internacional (Acción Social). 2008. Plan de Pueblos Indígenas. Bogotá: Acción Social.
Conklin, Beth. 1997. “Body Paint, Feathers and VCRs: Aesthetics and Authenticity in Amazonian Activism”. American Ethnologist 24 (4): 711-737.
Dal Secco, Alessandra. 2008. “Truth and Reconciliation Comissions and Gender Justice”. En Gendered Peace. Women’s Struggles for Post-War Justice and Reconciliation, editado por Donna Pankhurst, 65-106. Nueva York: Routledge.
De las Casas, Bartolomé. 1552/2006. Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante.
Fermé, Mariane. 1998. “The Violence of Numbers: Competition, and the Negotiation of Disputes in Sierra Leone”. Cahiers d’Etudes Africaines 38 (150/152): 555-580.
French, Jan Hoffman. 2009. “Ethnoracial Identity in a Neoliberal Age: Government Recognition of Difference in Northeast Brazil”. En Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America, editado por John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn y Kenneth M. Roberts, 101-113. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Gill, Lesley. 2009. “The Parastate in Colombia: Political Violence and the Restructuring in Barrancabermeja”. Anthropologica 51: 313-325.
Goldstein, Daniel M. 1998. “Performing National Culture in a Bolivian Migrant Community”. Ethnology 37 (2): 117-132.
Goldstein, Daniel M. 2004. The Spectacular City: Violence and Performance in Urban Bolivia. Durham: Duke University Press.
Gow, David D. y Joanne Rappaport. 2002. “The Indigenous Public Voice. The Multiple Idioms of Modernity in Native Cauca”. En Indigenous Movements, Self-Representation, and the State in Latin America, editado por Kay B. Warren y Jean Jackson, 47-80. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Graham, Laura R. 2002. “How Should an Indian Speak? Amazonian Indians and the Symbolic Politics of Language in the Global Public Sphere”. En Indigenous Movements, Self-Representation, and the State in Latin America, editado por K. B. Warren y J. Jackson, 181-228. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Grupo de Memoria Histórica. 2010. La masacre de Bahía Portete. Mujeres wayuu en la mira. Bogotá: Taurus, Semana y Comisión Nacional de Reparación y Reconciliación.
Guerra Curvelo, Weilder. 2007. El poblamiento del territorio. Bogotá: dmg.
Guss, David M. 2000. The Festive State: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism as Cultural Performance. Berkeley y Londres: University of California Press.
Guss, David M. 2006. “The Gran Poder and the Reconquest of La Paz”. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 11 (2): 294-328.
Hale, Charles. 2004. “Rethinking Indigenous Politics in the Era of the ‘Indio Permitido’”. Nacla Report on the Americas 38 (2): 16-22.
Hayner, Priscilla. 2001. Unspeakable Truth. Confronting State Terror and Atrocity. Nueva York y Londres: Routledge.
Inter-American Development Bank (idb). 2007. 2008 Report. Outsiders? The Changing Patterns of Exclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washigton: Inter-American Development Bank.
Latour, Bruno. 1993/2007. Nunca fuimos modernos. Ensayo de antropología simétrica. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI.
Merlan, Francesca. 2009. “Indigeneity. Local and Global”. Current Anthropology 50 (3): 303-333.
Navaro-Yashin, Yael. 2007. “Make-believe Papers, Legal Forms and the Counterfeit: Affective Interactions between Documents and People in Britain and Cyprus”. Anthropological Theory 7 (1): 79-98.
Orsini Aaron, Giangina. 2007. Poligamia y contrabando: nociones de legalidad y legitimidad en la frontera guajira. Bogotá: Centro de Estudios Socioculturales e Internacionales, Universidad de los Andes.
Padilla, Guillermo. 1996. “La Ley y los pueblos indígenas en Colombia”. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 1 (2): 78-97.
Postero, Nancy Grey. 2007. Now We Are Citizens: Indigenous Politics in Postmulticultural Bolivia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Redfield, Peter. 2008. “Doctors Without Borders and the Moral Economy of Pharmaceuticals”. En Human Rights in Crisis, editado por Alice Bullard, 129-144. Hampshire, Inglaterra: Ashgate.
Rowse, Tim. 2008. “Indigenous Culture: The Politics of Vulnerability and Survival”. En The sage Handbook of Cultural Analysis, editado por Tony Bennett y John Frow, 406-426. Los Ángeles: Sage.
Sanders, James. 2003. “‘Belonging to the Great Granadan Family’: Partisan Struggle and the Construction of Indigenous Identity and Politics in Southwestern Colombia, 1849-1890”. En Race and Nation in Modern Latin America, editado por Nancy Appelbaum, Anne S. MacPherson y Karin Alejandra Rosemblatt, 56-86. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Sieder, Rachel. 2002. “Introduction”. En Multiculturalism in Latin America, editado por R. Sieder, 1-23. Nueva York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Starn, Orin. 1991. “Missing the Revolution: Anthropologists and the War in Peru”. Cultural Anthropology 6 (1): 63-91.
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. 2004. “Human Rights and Indigenous Issues: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous Peoples”. Addendum, Mission to Colombia, e/cn.4/2005/88/Add.2 c.f.r., United Nations.
Stephen, Lynn. 1997. “Redefined Nationalism in Building a Movement for Indigenous Autonomy in Southern Mexico”. Journal of Latin American Anthropology 3 (1): 72-101.
Turner, Terence. 2002. “Representation, Polyphony, and the Construction of Power in a Kayapo Video”. En Indigenous Movements, Self-Representation, and the State in Latin America, editado por Kay Barbara Warren y Jean Jackson, 229-250. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Van Cott, Donna Lee. 2000. The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Wade, Peter. 2005. “Rethinking Mestizaje: Ideology and Lived Experience”. Journal of Latin American Studies 37: 239-257.
Walsh, Martha. 2008. “Gendering International Justice: Progress and Pitfalls at International Criminal Tribunals”. En Gendered Peace. Women’s Struggles for Post-War Justice and Reconciliation, editado por D. Pankhurst, 31-64. Nueva York: Routledge.
Warren, Jonathan. 2001. Racial Revolutions: Antiracism and Indian Resurgence in Brazil. Durham y Londres: Duke University Press.
Warren, Kay Barbara. 1998. Indigenous Movements and Their Critics: PanMaya Activism in Guatemala. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wilson, Richard A. 2001. The Politics of Truth and Reconcialiation in South Africa. Legitimizing the Post-Apartheid State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wilson, Richard A. 2003. “Anthropological Studies of National Reconciliation Processes”. Anthropological Theory 3 (3): 367-387.
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Publicado
2011-12-23
Cómo citar
Jaramillo, P. (2011). Reparaciones indígenas y el giro del “giro multicultural” en La Guajira, Colombia. Revista Colombiana De Antropología, 47(2), 151–171. https://doi.org/10.22380/2539472X.962
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